Paris Silver DFS Update - Optimisation and Recovery Lift
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16 December 2025 Accompanying video: click here
Paris Silver DFS Update:
Pit Optimisation and Metallurgical Improvements Highlight Potential to Increase Silver
Recovery and Mineable Inventory at the Paris Silver Project
Highlights
• ~6% increase in silver recovery achieved by reducing the primary grind size to 53 microns in the
dominant material type.
• Revised pit optimisation incorporating updated cost inputs and a higher silver price assumption
materially reduces the economic cut-off grade and improves strip ratio, highlighting the potential
to increase the mineable inventory.
• These changes form the new Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) design basis, which is now being
incorporated into detailed engineering and cost estimation work, on track for delivery in H1 2026.
Managing Director’s Comment
Investigator Resources Managing Director, Lachlan Wallace, said:
“The Paris DFS continues to mature through a disciplined and transparent process. By
reporting key technical outcomes as individual workstreams advance, we are providing
shareholders with clear visibility on how the study is progressively strengthening the project
design and development framework.
In a silver price environment that is at, or near, record levels, it is particularly encouraging to
see the technical studies responding as expected. Pit optimisation work indicates the
potential to capture additional mineralised material within the mine plan through a lower
economic cut-off grade, while concurrent metallurgical testwork has delivered higher silver
recoveries through a finer grind. Together, these outcomes reinforce the leverage of the Paris
Silver Project to silver price and the quality of the underlying resource.
The pit optimisation results are especially important, demonstrating the inherent strength of
the Paris resource and its sensitivity to silver price. At the optimisation level, the combination
of lower cut-off grades and a materially reduced strip ratio highlights the opportunity to
develop a more efficient and robust mining framework as the study progresses.
As the DFS advances into detailed scheduling, process design and cost finalisation, our focus
is on translating these improved technical parameters into a practical, staged and finance-
ready development plan. The Company remains firmly on track to deliver the Paris Silver
Project DFS in the first half of 2026.
A short video update is available here.”
ASX Release – Investigator
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Pit Optimisation Study
Important Notice: The information in this section relates solely to a conceptual pit optimisation study
completed as part of ongoing Definitive Feasibility Study work for the Paris Silver Project in South Australia.
The pit optimisation is a technical planning and sensitivity tool used to inform potential pit geometries,
staging options and mine design considerations under a defined set of assumptions. The results of the
optimisation do not constitute, and should not be interpreted as, a Production Target, Ore Reserve, Mineral
Resource upgrade, or forecast of production, costs or economic outcomes.
The optimisation outputs are preliminary in nature and have not been subject to the application of all
modifying factors required under the JORC Code, including but not limited to mining dilution and recovery,
detailed mine design, scheduling, geotechnical constraints, metallurgical recoveries, infrastructure layout,
permitting, environmental approvals, and economic evaluation. Accordingly, there is no certainty that the
outcomes of the optimisation will be realised.
Final pit designs, mining inventories and production schedules will be determined through the DFS process
and will incorporate appropriate technical, operational, regulatory and economic modifying factors prior
to any consideration of a Production Target or Ore Reserve.
The Company is providing this information to keep the market informed of material technical progress in
the Paris Silver Project as Definitive Feasibility Study work advances. The pit optimisation results highlight
the sensitivity of mine planning parameters—including cut-off grade, strip ratio and mineable inventory—
to updated cost inputs and prevailing commodity price conditions.
This information is disclosed to provide transparency around the direction and robustness of the ongoing
study work, rather than to pre-empt or substitute for the outcomes of the DFS or any future declaration of
a Production Target or Ore Reserve. Mineable inventory figures referenced in this section are derived from
optimisation outputs only and do not represent a mine design, Production Target or Ore Reserve.
The Company has completed a revised pit optimisation incorporating a higher silver price assumption,
updated operating cost inputs, and revised slope parameters informed by the recent geotechnical drilling
program.
A silver price of A$70/oz was adopted for optimisation purposes, materially below the current spot price
of approximately A$95/oz. At this price, and using updated cost assumptions, the estimated economic
cut-off grade reduces materially from 43.5 g/t Ag in the 2021 Pre-Feasibility Study (PFS) to a range of 22–
27 g/t Ag, depending on host rock type. This reflects materially improved project economics at the
optimisation level under current market conditions.
The lower cut-off grade increases contained silver within the optimised pit shell by approximately 13 Moz
relative to the PFS. In addition, the strip ratio improves significantly, reducing from 8.4:1 in the PFS to
approximately 4.2:1 in the new optimisation. It is important to note that the final design will vary from
the optimisation and it may not be practical to capture all of the optimised silver ounces owing to
modifying factors that will be applied to the design. This is particularly relevant in the northern and
southern extremities of the optimal pit design which incorporate lower grade mineralisation at the higher
prices (see Figure 1). Further investigation of the viability of these areas is underway as part of the pit
design process.
ASX Release – Investigator
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Figure 1 Pit Optimisation Pit Shell 26 (grey) compared to current pit design (yellow and red).
A comparison to the 2021 PFS of key inputs and results are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1 Paris Silver Pit Optimisation – PFS to December 2025 Study
Key assumptions PFS 2021#
Dec-25 Optimisation
Silver price A$/oz 34.3 70
Cut-off grade g/t Ag 43.5 22 to 27(1)
Overall slope angle degrees 45 38 to 55(2)
Mining Operating Cost A$/t mined 2.51 5.97
Processing Operating Cost A$/t processed 30.76 34 to 38(1)
Average Silver Recovery % 75.7 67 to 86(1)
Target mining rate Mtpa 2 1.5
Discount Rate % 10 10
Key results PFS Dec-25 Optimisation
Waste Mt 72 77
Silver Mineralisation (insitu) Mt / Moz 8.6 / 35 18 / 48
Strip Ratio waste : silver mineralisation 8.4 4.2
Note 1 - ranges for processing costs and recovery are dependent on type of silver mineralisation and impact the respective cut-off grade
Note 2 – slope angle is determined by local geotechnical conditions
The primary driver of this outcome is the silver price. Due to the steep tonnage curve at the cut-off grade
(Figure 2), relatively small changes in economic assumptions result in a meaningful increase in mineable
inventory. Conversion of mineralised waste to mill feed via further improvements in economics, in
particular, silver price and silver recovery, has potential to further reduce the cut-off grade and strip ratio.
__________________________________
# ASX 30th November 2021 – Paris DFS Delivers Outstanding Results
Higher price assumption driving pit to expand
north and south. Investigation will be
undertaken to determine the viability and
geological confidence in these areas.
ASX Release – Investigator
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Figure 2 Paris Silver Project: Grade–Tonnage curve, Global Mineral Resource Estimate > 0mRL1
Figure 3 and 4 highlight the optimised Pit Shells that will be used to guide the staged pit designs (blue) as
follows:
• Pit Shell 6 is proposed as a starter pit to bring forward early cash generation and minimise initial
working capital requirements.
• Pit Shell 20 represents the largest pit shell prior to a material increase in strip ratio (refer Figure
4). This shell is expected to inform the Stage 2 pit design, allowing value to be realised ahead of a
larger cut-back. The sequencing prioritises higher-grade material in the early stages, which
improves discounted project value and provides a more resilient early-stage cash-flow profile
during the initial years of operation. This profile is expected to support project finance discussions
by reducing early-stage risk and improving financeability, which may assist in achieving more
efficient financing outcomes. Notably, this pit shell is also broadly consistent with optimisation
outcomes at lower silver price assumptions (A$58/oz), demonstrating robustness across a range
of price scenarios, including lower prices.
• Pit Shell 26 returns the highest theoretical value on a discounted basis and will be used to guide
the ultimate pit design, subject to incorporation of appropriate modifying factors through the DFS.
The larger cut-back associated with Pit Shell 26 is expected to be deferred until approximately Year
5 of the operation, providing flexibility in mine sequencing and capital allocation. This staged
approach preserves optionality, enabling the Company to assess the timing and scale of the
1
ASX 5th July 2023 – Paris Mineral Resource Estimate Update
Tonnage curve (blue) is steep around
cut-off grade, providing opportunity to
materially increase minable inventory
with relatively minor changes to cut-off
ASX Release – Investigator
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ultimate pit expansion in the context of prevailing market conditions, operating performance and
capital availability.
Figure 3 Paris Silver Pit Optimisation – recovered silver in different pit shells
Figure 4 Paris Silver Pit Optimisation – cumulative strip Ratio in different pit shells
ASX Release – Investigator
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How to interpret Figure 3.
Although the graph is a standard output from the optimisation, this explanation is considered necessary
to ensure that it is interpreted correctly.
• The Pit Shells in Figure 3 change in size (represented as silver oz recovered) based on a Revenue
Factor (RF). The RF at Pit Shell 26 is 1, representing the assumed price in the optimisation
(A$70/oz) and generates the highest theoretical NPV.
• A series of larger and smaller Pit Shells are created by using RF higher and lower than 1
respectively. These are shown as yellow columns in Figure 3.
• Although the Pit Shells are based on different RF, the NPV curve applies a RF of 1 (A$70/oz) to all
NPV calculations.
Importantly, the optimised pit does not significantly change in size due to a wide range of price
assumptions. Pit 60 represents the Pit Shell under a Revenue Factor of 1.97 (A$138.12/oz), almost double
the price assumed in the Pit Optimisation. Figure 3 highlights that even under such a materially higher
assumed price, the optimal recovered ounces would only increase by around 6Moz (at a fixed cut-off
grade). This indicates that the pit parameters assumed in the optimisation drive a pit that maximises
resource extraction (ie, the optimisation is Resource constrained) and that the project design will not
change materially, and will perform, under a range of future price scenarios. Such design stability is a
valuable attribute in the rapidly changing silver price environment, as it enables the design to be finalised
and proceed through permitting and funding with confidence that there will not be material changes.
The production schedule is being structured to prioritise higher-grade feed in the early years of operation.
Material identified at lower cut-off grades through the optimisation is expected to be stockpiled for later
processing, preserving a strong early cash-flow profile and supporting financing and payback objectives.
Overall, the optimisation, and the ongoing design and scheduling, is expected to materially improve
project economics through higher payable metal and a lower strip ratio, without compromising the quality
or bankability of the early mine plan.
Metallurgical Review
Comprehensive metallurgical testwork completed by Bureau Veritas to support the Paris Silver Project
DFS has been completed and independently reviewed. The program included mineral characterisation,
mineralogy (QEMSCAN and XRD), comminution testing, grind size optimisation, agitated cyanide leaching
and CIL trials, flocculant and thickening assessments, and vendor filtration studies.
Fifteen composite samples comprising four geometallurgically defined composites reflective of the two
main metallurgical domains, together with eleven variability samples, were evaluated. Results confirm
that the Paris mineralisation is amenable to conventional cyanidation with consistently high silver
recoveries across the dominant lithological domains.
Over a range of silver head grades, recoveries improved markedly with finer grind sizes. For the composite
samples representing four metallurgical domains, standard leach testing demonstrated an average 6.2%
increase in silver recovery when grind size was reduced from 75 µm to 53 µm, with recoveries exceeding
90% Ag in the higher-grade breccia units. A bulk composite leach achieved ~79.5% Ag recovery at P80 45
µm, confirming scalability. The cyanide leach test results are summarised in Table 2. The domains
ASX Release – Investigator
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represent the BT and BTM domains which make up 74% of the mineralisation within the existing pit
design. Figure 5 highlights that the composite test samples were collected from a wide range of areas
and are considered representative of BT and BTM feed.
Table 2 Cyanide Leach Test Summary - Ag Extraction for Various P80 Grind Sizes
Sample 106 microns 75 microns 53 microns 45 microns
Extraction % Extraction % Extraction % Extraction %
D, C1 76.9 66.7 79 78.7
D, C2 63.6 62.4 65.5 69.4
D, C3 69.7 67.3 75.8 78.4
D, C4 97.6 97.4 98.3 96.0
Bulk leach - - - 79.5
D, Av % - 73.5 79.7 80.4
Uplift % - - 6.2 7.0
Figure 5 Location of composite samples used in the metallurgical testwork
The recent pit optimisation study (refer this announcement) is indicating that the pit may push deeper,
which potentially brings more dolomite hosted silver mineralisation (DOL) into the mineable inventory.
Historically the DOL has returned excellent recovery, including 89% at 53 µm, but only made up a relatively
small proportion, approximately 9%, of the PFS inventory in 2021. Given the relative higher recovery of
DOL, an increase in the proportion of DOL within the mine plan would result in a higher average recovery.
Dolomite may increase in mine
plan as pit pushes deeper,
increasing overall recovery
ASX Release – Investigator
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Comminution testing indicated moderate hardness (up to Bond Ball Work Index ~16 kWh/t), suitable for
a standard crushing and milling circuit. Thickening and filtration trials confirmed favourable settling and
dewatering characteristics for conventional tailings handling. Zinc-precipitation tests validated effective
silver recovery via Merrill–Crowe processing.
Overall, the testwork confirms a robust and conventional processing flow sheet, with improved recoveries
and operating confidence, providing strong metallurgical support for the updated DFS design basis.
Updated Design Basis
The outcomes of the metallurgical review and pit optimisation now form the updated DFS design basis
and are being incorporated into detailed engineering, mine scheduling and cost estimation.
With these key inputs defined, Investigator is progressing into the final phase of technical and economic
evaluation for the Paris Silver Project. The next phase of work will focus on:
• completion of detailed mine scheduling to optimise grade delivery and cashflow profile;
• finalisation of process plant design, including equipment selection and engineering design;
• development of operating and capital cost estimates based on the updated design; and
• integration of revised mining, processing and cost inputs into the project financial model.
Process design and cost estimation work will be completed during January, following which the updated
financial model will be prepared to support the Definitive Feasibility Study.
The DFS is expected to be released in H1 2026, providing a fully integrated technical and economic
assessment of the Paris Silver Project under the updated design parameters.
For and on behalf of the board.
Lachlan Wallace
Managing Director
For further information, please contact:
Lachlan Wallace
Managing Director
+ 61 (0) 8 7325 222
lwallace@investres.com.au
ASX Release – Investigator
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About Investigator Resources
Investigator’s 100% owned Paris Silver Project is located 70km north of the rural township of Kimba on
South Australia’s Eyre Peninsula. The Paris Silver Project, with a JORC 2012 resource of 24Mt @ 73g/t
silver and 0.41% lead for 57Mozs silver and 99kt lead, is a shallow high-grade silver deposit amenable to
open pit mining, providing outstanding exposure to a metal with strong commodity, renewable energy
and manufacturing demand.
With positive outcomes of the Paris Project’s Pre-Feasibility Study as reported in November 2021, the
company is undertaking the work required to complete a Definitive Feasibility Study, whilst continuing to
progress exploration proximal to Paris and across adjacent significant ground holdings within South
Australia.
Competent Person Statement
The information in this release relating to exploration results is based on information compiled by Mr.
Jason Murray who is a full-time employee of the company. Mr. Murray is a member of the Australian
Institute of Geoscientists. Mr. Murray has sufficient experience of relevance to the styles of mineralisation
and the types of deposits under consideration, and to the activities undertaken, to qualify as a Competent
Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) Australasian Code for
Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. Mr. Murray consents to the
inclusion in this report of the matters based on information in the form and context in which it appears.
The information in this release that relates to Mineral Resources Estimates at the Paris Silver Project is
extracted from the release titled “Paris Mineral Resource Estimate Update” dated 5 July 2023 and is
available to view on the Company’s website www.investres.com.au. The Company confirms that it is not
aware of any new information or data that materially affects the information included in the original
market announcement and that all material assumptions and technical parameters underpinning the
estimates in the relevant market announcement continue to apply and have not materially changed. The
company confirms that the form and context in which the Competent Person’s findings are presented
have not been materially modified from the original market announcement.
The information in this announcement relating to metallurgical results is based on information compiled
by Matthew Leske who is a consultant to the company. Mr Leske is a member of the Australian Institute
of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM). Mr Leske has sufficient experience of relevance to the commodities
and process flow sheets under consideration, and to the activities undertaken, to qualify as a Competent
Person as defined in the 2012 Edition of the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) Australasian Code for
Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves. Mr Leske consents to the inclusion
in this report of the matters based on information in the form and context in which it appears.
ASX Release – Investigator
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Paris Mineral Resource Estimate2
2023 Paris Silver Project Mineral Resource estimate (25g/t silver cut-off grade).
(Note: Total values may differ due to minor rounding errors in the estimation process)
1,2 ASX announcement 5 July 2023 “Paris Mineral Resource Estimate Update”. The Company confirms that it is not aware of any new infor-
mation or data that materially affects the information included in the original market announcement of 5 July 2023 and that all material
assumptions and technical parameters underpinning the estimates in the relevant market announcement continue to apply and have not
materially changed. The company confirms that the form and context in which the Competent Person’s findings are presented have not
been materially modified from the original market announcement.
ASX Release – Investigator
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Appendix 1: JORC Code, 2012 Edition – Table 1
The following section is provided to ensure compliance with the JORC (2012) requirements for the re-
porting of test work presented in this ASX announcement.
Section 1 Sampling Techniques and Data
(Criteria in this section apply to all succeeding sections.)
Criteria and JORC Code explana-
tion
Commentary
Sampling techniques
• Nature and quality of sampling (e.g.
cut channels, random chips, or spe-
cific specialised industry standard
measurement tools appropriate to
the minerals under investigation,
such as down hole gamma sondes,
or handheld XRF instruments, etc).
These examples should not be taken
as limiting the broad meaning of
sampling.
• Include reference to measures taken
to ensure sample representivity and
the appropriate calibration of any
measurement tools or systems used.
• Aspects of the determination of min-
eralisation that are Material to the
Public Report.
• 2024/2025 metallurgical sample material was obtained from PQ3 dia-
mond core drilled for metallurgical testing in addition to a number of
intervals drilled as part of geotechnical or resource drilling at Paris.
• All metallurgical sample material was selected on the basis of its
multi-element geometallurgical composition and presence of silver
mineralisation at a grade that was representative of the Paris silver
deposit average grade, including allowance for some dilution material
where appropriate to simulate “mining conditions”.
• 2024/2025 metallurgical testwork was focussed on primary geometal-
lurgical domain variability testwork based on gangue material associa-
tions in domains.
• Sample media used in metallurgical test work was supplied to Bureau
Veritas (BV) in individual 1m sample volumes with hole number and
metre interval recorded. Subsequent compositing was undertaken by
BV in accordance with consultant metallurgist guidelines.
• Drill intervals had weight of sample recorded.
Drilling techniques
• Drill type (e.g. core, RC, open-hole
hammer, rotary air blast, auger,
Bangka, sonic, etc) and details (e.g.
core diameter, triple or standard
tube, depth of diamond tails, face-
sampling bit or other type, whether
core is oriented and if so, by what
method, etc).
• Diamond drilling was PQ3 size and not oriented due to argillic altera-
tion preventing usable orientation data.
Drill sample recovery
• Method of recording and assessing
core and chip sample recoveries
and results assessed.
• Measures taken to maximise sam-
ple recovery and ensure repre-
sentative nature of the samples.
• Whether a relationship exists be-
tween sample recovery and grade
and whether sample bias may
have occurred due to preferential
loss/gain of fine/coarse material.
• Sample used for metallurgical testwork was selected based on repre-
sentative silver content and of a number of gangue types for variability
testwork in addition to composited bulk metallurgical testwork.
• All material had been previously assessed for recovery and represent-
ativeness as part of prior mineral resource estimation (s) and as such
was selected on basis of gangue mineral variability and in order to ob-
tain a composite grade that approximated the predicted grade when
processing ore based on the 2021 Paris Prefeasibility Study and ac-
companying metallurgical testwork.
• Samples were selected based on their primary geometallurgical do-
main ie “BT” – Breccia Transitional and “BTM” – Breccia Transitional
Magnesium.
• Priority focus was the BT domain which makes up approximately 55%
of the mineralisation estimated in the deposit (2021).
•
Logging
• Whether core and chip samples
have been geologically and geotech-
nically logged to a level of detail to
• No additional logging of drilling occurred as part of this release on
metallurgical outputs, with logging data from previous programs incor-
porated in sample selection.
• Sample selection and identification of gangue domains utilised data
ASX Release – Investigator
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Criteria and JORC Code explana-
tion
Commentary
support appropriate Mineral Re-
source estimation, mining studies
and metallurgical studies.
• Whether logging is qualitative or
quantitative in nature. Core (or cos-
tean, channel, etc) photography.
• The total length and percentage of
the relevant intersections logged.
from 200 XRD analyses across the deposit in addition to previous li-
thology and multielement assay data, with domains predicted utilising
a machine learning process with subsequent review and validation by
IVR exploration manager.
Sub-sampling techniques and
sample preparation
• If core, whether cut or sawn and
whether quarter, half or all core
taken.
If non-core, whether riffled, tube
sampled, rotary split, etc and
whether sampled wet or dry.
For all sample types, the nature,
quality and appropriateness of the
sample preparation technique.
Quality control procedures adopted
for all sub-sampling stages to max-
imise representivity of samples.
• Measures taken to ensure that the
sampling is representative of the in
situ material collected, including for
instance results for field dupli-
cate/second-half sampling.
• Whether sample sizes are appropri-
ate to the grain size of the material
being sampled.
• Sample was provided in the form of unique metre intervals within
holes as selected by the consultant metallurgist.
• Composite sample information was supplied to the laboratory which
identified unique composite ID’s in addition to relevant original sample
ID’s which were to be combined in the compositing process to form
the composite ID material.
• Sub sampling of BT and BTM material used both geometallurgical do-
main boundaries and gangue associations for intervals of mineralised
DH material that was retained on site. BT and BTM domain material
was dispatched to Bureau Veritas (BV) for composite selection and
homogenisation.
• Sample sizes for both domains are considered appropriate for test-
work undertaken.
Laboratory sample preparation
• Subsampling techniques are undertaken in line with standard operat-
ing practices in order to ensure no bias.
• The nature, quality and appropriateness of the sampling technique is
considered appropriate for the grainsize and type of mineralisation
and confidence level being attributed to the results presented.
Quality of assay data and labora-
tory tests
• The nature, quality and appropriate-
ness of the assaying and laboratory
procedures used and whether the
technique is considered partial or to-
tal.
• For geophysical tools, spectrome-
ters, handheld XRF instruments, etc,
the parameters used in determining
the analysis including instrument
make and model, reading times, cali-
brations factors applied and their
derivation, etc.
• Nature of quality control procedures
adopted (e.g. standards, blanks, du-
plicates, external laboratory checks)
and whether acceptable levels of ac-
curacy (i.e. lack of bias) and preci-
sion have been established.
• A certified and accredited global laboratory (BV) was used for all as-
says.
• Head assay analysis was conducted on twelve samples in the BV an-
alytical laboratory. A combination of methods to digest and analyse
the samples were used, these include mixed acid digest, LECO and
aqua regia, followed by Inductively Couple Plasma-Mass Spectrome-
try (ICP-MS) and/or Inductively Couple PlasmaOptical Emission Spec-
troscopy (ICP-OES).
QA/QC Summary
• Records of QA/QC techniques undertaken during each drilling pro-
gram are retained by Investigator.
• Certified reference standards including blanks, were randomly se-
lected and inserted into the sampling sequence (1 in 25 samples) for
all RC drilling where 1m sample intervals were assayed.
• Field duplicate samples were routinely taken on every 20th sample for
all RC drilling.
• No significant analytical biases have been detected in the results pre-
sented in prior exploration ASX releases for Paris that might impact
the metallurgical results reported in this release.
• Geochemical analysis of metallurgical sample composites were un-
dertaken to confirm composition and suitability for metallurgical test-
work and gross compositional similarity between 2017 and 2021 geo-
metallurgical domains.
ASX Release – Investigator
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Criteria and JORC Code explana-
tion
Commentary
Verification of sampling and
assaying
• The verification of significant inter-
sections by either independent or al-
ternative company personnel.
• The use of twinned holes.
• Documentation of primary data, data
entry procedures, data verification,
data storage (physical and elec-
tronic) protocols
• Discuss any adjustment to assay
data.
• No reporting of new assay data outside of confirmation of geometal-
lurgical grade and composition data and associated final testwork out-
puts at various grind sizes and treatment processes.
• Twinned holes for metallurgical testwork was not undertaken.
• Records of sample intervals selected and utilised to produce repre-
sentative metallurgical composite samples for testwork are retained
by Investigator.
Location of data points
• Accuracy and quality of surveys
used to locate drill holes (collar and
down-hole surveys), trenches, mine
workings and other locations used in
Mineral Resource estimation.
• Specification of the grid system
used.
• Quality and adequacy of topographic
control.
Collar co-ord
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